PROGRAMING

PROGRAMMING

·        Introduction of Computer programming

Computer programming is that the method of planning Associate in Nursing building an possible trojan horse for accomplishing a selected computing task. Programming involves tasks such as: analysis, generating algorithms, identification algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and also the implementation of algorithms in a very chosen artificial language (commonly said as coding) The ASCII text file of a program is written in one or additional languages that ar intelligible to programmers, rather than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. The purpose of programming is to search out a sequence of directions that may automatise the performance of a task (which will be as advanced as Associate in Nursing in operation system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.

Tasks attendant and associated with programming include: testing, debugging, source code maintenance, implementation of build systems, and management of derived artifacts, such as the machine code of computer programs. These can be thought-about a part of the programming method, but often the term software development is used for this larger process with the term programming, implementation, or coding reserved for the actual writing of code.

·        History

1. Programmable devices have existed at least as far back as 1206 AD, when the automata of Al-Jazari were programmable, via pegs and cams, to play various rhythms and drum patterns;and the 1801 Jacquard loom could produce entirely different weaves by changing the "program" - a series of pasteboard cards with holes punched in them.
2. However, the primary trojan horse is mostly dated to 1843, when mathematician Ada Lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.Women would continue to dominate the field of computer programming until the mid 1960s.
3. In the 1880s Herman Hollerith invented the concept of storing data in machine-readable form.Later a control panel (plugboard) added to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to be programmed for different jobs, and by the late 1940s, unit record equipment such as the IBM 602 and IBM 604, were programmed by control panels in a similar way; as were the first electronic computers. However, with the construct of the stored-program computers introduced in 1949, each programs and knowledge were keep and manipulated within the same approach in computer storage
4. Programs were largely still entered victimization punched cards or paper. See computer programming in the punch card era. By the late Nineteen Sixties, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough that programs could be created by typing directly into the computers. Frances Holberton created a code to permit keyboard inputs whereas she worked at UNIVAC. Text editors were developed that allowed changes and corrections to be created far more simply than with punched cards. Sister Madonna Kenneth Helen Adams Keller worked on developing the artificial language, BASIC that she was a postgraduate at Dartmouth within the Nineteen Sixties. One of the first object-oriented programming languages, Smalltalk, was developed by seven programmers, including Adele Goldberg, in the 1970s In 1985

·        Modern programming

Whatever the approach to development is also, the final program must satisfy some fundamental properties. The following properties are among the most important:

Reliability: however usually the results of a program ar correct. This depends on abstract correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e.g., buffer overflows and race conditions) and logic errors (such as division by zero or off-by-one errors).

• Robustness: however well a program anticipates issues thanks to errors (not bugs). This includes things like incorrect, inappropriate or corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory, operating system services and network connections, user error, and unexpected power outages.
• Usability: the technology of a program: the benefit with that someone will use the program for its supposed purpose or in some cases even unlooked-for functions. Such problems will create or break its success even in spite of alternative problems. This involves a good vary of matter, graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the clarity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and completeness of a program's user interface.
• Portability: the vary of element and package platforms on that the ASCII text file of a program will be compiled/interpreted and run. This depends on variations within the programming facilities provided by the various platforms, as well as hardware and package resources, expected behavior of the hardware and operating system, and availability of platform specific compilers (and generally libraries) for the language of the ASCII text file.
• Maintainability: the benefit with that a program will be changed by its gift or future developers so as to create enhancements or customizations, fix bugs and security holes, or adapt it to new environments. Good practices throughout initial development create the distinction during this regard. This quality might not be directly apparent to the tip user however it will considerably have an effect on the fate of a program over the long run.

Efficiency/performance: live of system resources a program consumes (processor time, memory space, slow devices such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction): the less, the better. This additionally includes careful management of resources, for example cleaning up temporary files and eliminating memory leaks.

·        Programming languages

Different programming languages support totally different forms of programming (called programming paradigms). The choice of language used is subject to several concerns, such as company policy, suitability to task, availability of third-party packages, or individual preference. Ideally, the artificial language best suited to the task at hand are designated. Trade-offs from this ideal involve finding enough programmers United Nations agency recognize the language to make a team, the supply of compilers for that language, and also the potency with that programs written in a given language execute.

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